Die Neurobiologie der Nikotinabhängigkeit

Zusammenfassung

Die Nikotinabhängigkeit gilt heute als ein klassisches Modell der Suchtentwicklung. An der Entwicklung und an der Aufrechterhaltung einer Nikotinabhängigkeit sind als wesentliche Mechanismen die Sensitivierung zentraler Verstärkersysteme, Konditionierungsmechanismen als Form des assoziativen Lernens und das Lernen von Gewohnheiten (Habits) beteiligt. Neurobiologisch sind hierbei das dopaminerge mesolimbische Verstärkersystem, die zentrale Up-Regulation von nikotinergen Acetylcholinrezeptoren und zum Teil auch das endogene Opiatsystem, das glutamaterge und das serotonerge System involviert. Diese vielfältigen Angriffspunkte des Nikotins erklären auch die hohen Rückfallquoten von Rauchern.

Summary

Nicotine dependency represents a classical model of addiction. Sensitisation of central reinforcing systems, conditioning mechanisms as a form of associative learning and habit-learning contribute to the development and the maintenance of nicotine addiction. The mesolimbic dopaminergic reinforcing system, the central up regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and in part the endogenous opioid system, the glutamatergic and the serotonergic system are involved in the neurobiological action of nicotine. These different actions also explain the high relapse rates of nicotine quitters.

Schlüsselwörter

Nikotinabhängigkeit - Rauchen - Neurobiologie

Keywords

Nicotine addiction - smoking - neurobiology

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